Jump to content

Shark fin soup

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Shark's fin soup)

Shark fin soup
Alternative namesShark's fin soup
TypeSoup
Place of originChina
Main ingredientsShark fins, broth
Shark fin soup
Traditional Chinese魚翅羹
Simplified Chinese鱼翅羹
Literal meaning"fish fin stew"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinyúchì gēng
Wade–Gilesyü2-ch'ih4 keng1
IPA[y̌.ʈʂʰɨ̂ kə́ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationyùh-chi gāng
Jyutpingjyu4-ci3 gang1
IPA[jy˩.tsʰi˧ kɐŋ˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJhî-tshì kng, hû-tshì kng

Shark fin soup is a soup or stewed dish served in parts of China, Taiwan,[1][2] and Southeast Asia.[3] The shark fins provide texture, while the taste comes from the other ingredients.[4] It is commonly served at special occasions such as weddings and banquets, or as a luxury item.[4]

It has been condemned by the Humane Society International, which states that approximately 72 million sharks are killed each year for their fins.[5] Currently, international concerns over the sustainability and welfare of sharks have impacted consumption and availability of the soup worldwide.[6] Recently, health concerns about the high concentration of BMAA in shark fins have arisen.

Shark fin soup substitutes have lately appeared on the market which do not require any shark fins,[7][8] thus avoiding the environmental damage caused by the shark finning practice.

Preparation

[edit]

Traditional shark fin soup or stew is made with fins obtained from a variety of shark species. Raw fins are processed by first removing the skin and denticles before trimming them into shapes and bleaching to a more desirable coloration.[9]

Sharks' fins are sold dried, cooked, wet, and frozen. Ready-to-eat shark fin soup is also readily available in Asian markets.[9]

Dried fins come in cooked and skinned (shredded) and raw and unskinned (whole), the latter requiring more preparation.[10] Both need to be softened before they can be used to prepare soup.

Taste

[edit]

The taste of the soup comes from the broth, as the fins themselves are almost tasteless.[11] Rather than for taste, the fins are used for their "snappy, gelatinous" texture,[11] which has been described as "chewy, sinewy, stringy".[4] Krista Mahr of Time called it "somewhere between chewy and crunchy".[12]

Health impact

[edit]
See also: Mercury in fish
Shark fins and other shark parts for sale in a Chinese pharmacy in Yokohama, Japan

Shark fins are believed in Chinese culture to have properties of boosting sexual potency, enhancing skin quality, increasing qi or energy, preventing heart disease, and lowering cholesterol.[13] In traditional Chinese medicine, shark fins are believed to help in areas of rejuvenation, appetite enhancement, and blood nourishment and to be beneficial to vital energy, kidneys, lungs, bones, and many other parts of the body.[9]

There are claims that shark fins prevent cancer;[14] however, there is no scientific evidence, and one study found shark cartilage generally to be of no value in cancer treatment.[15] Furthermore, there is no scientific evidence that shark fins can be used to treat any medical condition.[9] Sharks biomagnify toxins, so eating shark meat may raise the risk of dementia and mercury poisoning.[16][17][18][19]

WildAid, a wildlife non-governmental organization, warned that eating too much shark fin can cause sterility in men.[17] It is known that larger fish such as shark, tuna, and swordfish contain high levels of mercury and methylmercury salts.[16] For nursing mothers, young children, and pregnant women or those who wish to be, the United States Food and Drug Administration has advised avoiding consumption of fish high in mercury.[20][21]

High concentrations of BMAA are present in shark fins. Because BMAA is a neurotoxin, consumption of shark fin soup and cartilage pills may pose a risk for degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer's and ALS,[18][19] as well as Parkinson's disease.[18]

Counterfeit shark fins often also contain toxins.[22]

Market and demand

[edit]

Early use

[edit]

Shark fin soup was reported in Ming dynasty writings and by the Qing dynasty was considered a "traditional part of formal banquets"; in Chinese cuisine, it was considered to be one of the eight treasured foods from the sea.[23] It was popular with Chinese emperors because it was rare, and tasty only after a complicated and elaborate preparation.[24] By the time of the Qing dynasty, shark fin soup was in high demand.[25][26] Its manual of cuisine, the Suiyuan shidan, indicates that the shark fin was eaten as soup, stew, and even as a stir-fry, but in all cases the fin had to be boiled for two days.[27]

The popularity of shark fin soup rose in the late-18th and early-19th centuries as standards of living began to improve.[4]

Demand peaks, c. 2000

[edit]

In the late-20th century, shark fin soup was a popular delicacy in China, and was eaten in Chinese restaurants around the world.[28][29] The increasing wealth of the middle class raised demand.[30] The shark fin trade more than doubled between 1985 and 2001.[31]

Based on information gathered from the Hong Kong trade in fins, the market was estimated in 2004 to be growing by five percent each year.[32] Consumption of shark fin soup had risen dramatically with the affluence of the middle class, as Chinese communities around the world enjoyed increasing income levels.[4][31][33] The high price of the soup meant it was often used as a way to impress guests, or for celebrations[34] such as weddings, banquets, and important business deals.[24][35][36] It was used to communicate wealth, power, and prestige,[35][36] as it was believed to show respect, honor, and appreciation to guests as well as to intimidate them as the serving of such a dish often implies that the host is willing to use cruelty and brutality to achieve their goals,[24][13] with 58% of those questioned in the WWF survey indicating they ate the soup at a celebration or gathering.[37]

In Hong Kong restaurants, where the market had been strong, demand from Hong Kong natives had reportedly dropped in 2006. This was more than balanced by an increase in demand from the Chinese mainland,[34] where economic growth put the expensive delicacy within the reach of an expanding middle class.[30]

A survey carried out in China in 2006 by WildAid and the Chinese Wildlife Conservation Association found that 35% of participants said they had consumed shark fin soup in the last year,[28] while 83% of participants in an online survey conducted by the World Wide Fund for Nature said that they had consumed shark fin soup at some time.[37]

Changes in demand, 2005–present

[edit]
Yao Ming, a former NBA basketball player who campaigned against shark fin soup.

The movement against shark fin soup began in 2006, when WildAid enlisted Chinese basketball star Yao Ming as spokesperson for a public relations campaign against the dish. The campaign was taken up by a coalition of Chinese businessmen, celebrities, and students. Businessman-turned-environmentalist Jim Zhang helped to raise concern within China's government, which pledged in 2012 to ban shark fin soup from official banquets within three years.[38]

In January 2013, China Daily reported that officials in Zhejiang province found that many shark fin soup restaurants were selling artificial shark fins, and that one-third of the samples that the officials had obtained contained dangerous amounts of cadmium and methylmercury.[22][unreliable source?] Within two months of the China Daily report, China ordered officials throughout the country to stop serving dishes made from protected wildlife at official banquets, and the Hong Kong government issued a similar order in September.[38]

Consumption of shark fin soup in China has decreased. China's Ministry of Commerce indicated that consumption of shark fin soup during the 2013 spring break holiday had decreased by 50–70% from 2012, and Hong Kong industry groups reported that shark fin imports were down by 20–30% from 2012.[38] Also, anecdotal evidence points to a worldwide drop in shark fin prices and a move away from shark fishing in parts of Africa.[38] Shark fin soup has often been replaced by dishes featuring sea cucumbers.[39]: 270 

A 2016 poll from City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Shark Foundation had 75% of local respondents saying they were "neutral" towards the soup at banquets,[40] while 90% of respondents said they would eat the dish if served to them, with the most popular justifications being to “avoid food waste” or to “show respect for their host”.[41]

A 2018 WildAid report mentioned Thailand as an emerging market for shark fin soup, citing a 2017 survey where 57% of urban Thai respondents consumed the dish, most commonly at weddings, restaurants, and business meetings.[42]

Ethical and environmental concerns

[edit]
Finned sharks
Main article: Shark finning
Further information: Overfishing
Shark fin protest at Maxim's restaurant at the University of Hong Kong 10 February 2018

Shark fins used in the soup are the cartilaginous dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins. These are regularly harvested by a process known as shark finning, which takes only the fins and discards the carcass, alive or dead. Overfishing poses a major threat to the world's shark populations.[43]

Some groups, such as Fins Attached, Shark Savers, IUCN, Shark Angels, Shark Whisperer and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, discourage consumption of the soup due to concerns with the world's shark population and how sharks are inhumanely finned alive and returned to the ocean, unable to swim, hunt or survive. The prevalence of shark finning and the sustainability of shark species are both debated.[44][45][46] As of 2011, major hotel operators such as Marriott International, The Peninsula Hotels and Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts stopped serving shark fin soup in favor of offering sustainable seafood.[47][48] The largest supermarket chains in Singapore – Cold Storage and NTUC FairPrice – have stopped selling shark fins, citing sustainability concerns.[49] Hong Kong Disneyland dropped the soup from its menu after it could not find a sustainable source.[50]

Malaysia's Natural Resources and Environment Ministry banned shark fin soup from official functions in a commitment to the Malaysian Nature Society to conserve the shark species.[51]

In the United States, Hawaii,[52] Washington,[53] Oregon,[54][55] California,[56] Guam,[57] and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands have banned the sale and possession of shark fins, effectively eliminating the availability of the soup.[58] Illinois, which had been a large importer of shark fins, was the fifth U.S. state, and the first non-Pacific state, to implement a ban on shark fin trade.[59] In 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Shark Conservation Act, closing loopholes used to obtain shark fins.[60] In October 2011, California governor Jerry Brown, citing the cruelty of finning and potential threats to the environment and commercial fishing, signed Assembly Bill 376, banning the possession and sale of detached shark fins.[56][61] Two Chinese American groups challenged the law in federal court, arguing among other things that it was discriminatory against the Chinese-American community. The federal courts rejected these claims.[62]

In Canada, the Vancouver city council decided to work towards creating a ban to preserve shark species.[63] Toronto joined other regional municipalities in adopting a shark fin ban on 13 October 2011.[64] The Ontario Superior Court of Justice overturned the Toronto bylaw, as it was outside the powers of the city.[65] Calgary banned shark fin soup on 16 July 2012,[66] but in May 2013 shelved the bylaw indefinitely.[67]

On 2 July 2012, the State Council of the People's Republic of China declared that shark fin soup can no longer be served at official banquets. This ban may take up to three years to take effect because of the social significance of the dish in Chinese culture.[68]

The marine conservation organization Bite-Back has campaigned against the sale of shark fin soup in Britain. On the back of its campaigning, the London-based Michelin-starred Chinese restaurant Hakkasan agreed to stop selling the soup.[69] High-profile names such as Gordon Ramsay, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, and Charles Clover, author of The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat, have lent their support to the charity's 'Hacked Off' campaign.[70] In 2019, environmental NGO WildAid partnered with Plan B Media on a public awareness campaign to discourage sharkfin soup consumption in Taiwan.[71]

Imitation shark fin soup

[edit]
Imitation shark fin soup
A bowl of imitation shark fin soup, served in 2020 in California for a Chinese American family during the eve of Chinese New Year.
Alternative namesMock shark fin soup, vegetarian shark fin soup
TypeSoup
Place of originChina
Region or stateHong Kong
Main ingredientsImitation shark fins (may use konjac gel, cellophane noodles, vermicelli, shark fin melon, or other alternatives), broth
Imitation shark fin soup
Traditional Chinese碗仔翅
Simplified Chinese碗仔翅
Jyutpingwun2 zai2 ci3
Hanyu Pinyinwǎn zǎi chì
Literal meaningFin in little bowl
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinwǎn zǎi chì
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingwun2 zai2 ci3

Imitation shark fin soup is a noodle soup often sold in small bowls by street vendors in Hong Kong, where it is a common street snack. It is a more ethical and affordable substitute for shark fin soup.[72]

A popular, low-cost imitation shark fin soup (碗仔翅) made using vermicelli is widely available in Asia.[73][74] They can also be made from cellophane noodles.[75][11] Seafood companies in Asia later developed edible gelatinous products to imitate shark fins' qualities, commonly referred as "imitation shark fins".

Imitation shark fins

[edit]
A batch of defrosted imitation shark fin; it imitates the real shark fins in appearance and gelatinous texture and it, along with julienned konjac gel, commonly used since the late-20th century as popular alternatives to them even before being banned due to being less expensive than the actual shark fins.

Substitutes for shark include imitation shark fin, konjac gel, various forms of noodles, and others. "Mock shark's fin" soup appeared in Hong Kong during the 1970s. From the 1990s onward, it became popular in restaurants throughout China. The shark fin is replaced with an imitation and edible mushrooms, kelps, seaweeds, bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, and beaten eggs are added, as in the traditional soup.

Imitation shark fin (素翅), typically from Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, is known as sùchì in Chinese Mandarin and sou ci in Chinese Cantonese, literally means "vegetarian fin". A Taiwanese manufacturer's recipe for it contains water, gelatin, alginic acid, sugar, casein, and triolein to reproduce the chewy, gelatinous texture of shark fins. However, some of these imitations absorb the broth more quickly than the real shark fin.[76] Konjac gel (known as moyu tofu in Chinese Mandarin, mo wu dau fu in Chinese Cantonese, and konnyaku in Japanese) can also be used as a substitute for shark fin once it is julienned into thin strands using a chef's knife, produce slicer, or food processor.[77][78] While cellophane noodles are also often used as an alternative to shark fins,[75] some cooks find them too soft and unable to withstand simmering long enough for flavors to be absorbed, consequently the imitation shark fin or julienned konjac gel are more desirable. Other substitutes include Cucurbita ficifolia (shark fin melon, shark fin soup squash), chicken breast, jinhua ham, vermicelli, soy, sea cucumber, bird's nest, pig's skin and gelatin.[79]

In 2015, a seafood company from San Francisco was working on a variation of imitation shark fin using algae-derived ingredients and recombinant proteins.[80]

Alternatives to shark fin are inexpensive and easier to prepare. Imitation shark fin, konjac gel, and other alternatives can be purchased in preserved form from Asian supermarkets and convenience stores.

History

[edit]

Imitation shark fin soup originated from Temple Street in Hong Kong during the 1950s and 1960s.[72] Few people at that time could afford genuine shark fin soup, but street vendors collected the broken parts of shark fins discarded by Chinese restaurants and cooked them with mushrooms, egg, and pork, as well as soy sauce and other ingredients. The mixture, which was cooked into a soup, was served in a small bowl. Although this soup was inexpensive and lacked the authentic flavor, since it was cheap, tasty and contained many ingredients, it was popular among the poor and became one of the famous street snacks of Hong Kong.

Apart from the street vendor version, imitation shark fin soup may also be found in fast-food stores and expensive Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong, and also on mainland China. Since April 2016, Cup Noodles released various instant imitation shark fin ramen soups.[81]

Controversy

[edit]

False descriptions of goods and services are prohibited by the Trade Descriptions Ordinance in Hong Kong.[82] Thus, imitation shark fin soup may have to change its Cantonese name since "wun tsai chi" (碗仔翅 literally: "fin in little bowl") may mislead customers into thinking there is real shark fin in it. However, many argue against this new policy; some claim that the name is tied to the Hong Kong people's collective memories and culture, representing the history of old Hong Kong. It would also be inconvenient for tourists seeking the dish. Opponents of the name change suggest the government should consider whether customers are misled before carrying out the policy.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Simon Denyer (2018). "Even as China turns away from shark fin soup, the prestige dish is gaining popularity elsewhere in Asia". The Washington Post.
  2. ^ Adam Sweeting (17 January 2011). "Gordon Ramsay: Shark Bait/ Dispatches: Fish Unwrapped, Channel 4". The Arts Desk.
  3. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (4 June 2019). "Marine 'gold rush': demand for shark fin soup drives decimation of fish". the Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Keith Bradsher, Disneyland in China Offers a Soup and Lands in a Stew, 17 June 2005 The New York Times
  5. ^ Shark Finning. Humane Society International.
  6. ^ "In China, victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup - The Washington Post". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Faux Fins And Mock Meat: Is Clean Meat The Answer To Reforming Shark Fin And Foie Gras?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022.
  8. ^ Alpha Food Lab Faux fin
  9. ^ a b c d "FAO Techpaper 389, Background info". FAO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2002.
  10. ^ "Shark's Fin in Chinese Cooking". chinesefood-recipes.com. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  11. ^ a b c Lieberman, Dave (3 May 2010). "Why Is Shark's Fin So Controversial?". Orange County Weekly. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  12. ^ Mahr, Krista (9 August 2010). "Shark-Fin Soup and the Conservation Challenge". TIME. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013.
  13. ^ a b Woo, Joyce (5 September 2010). "Shark tale: Hong Kong's use of fins as a delicacy under fire". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  14. ^ Pollack, Andrew (3 June 2007). "Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  15. ^ The results of a study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, and led by Dr. Charles Lu of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, were presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology on 2 June 2007 in Chicago. Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a shorter median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo. "Shark fin won't help fight cancer, but ginseng will". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 4 June 2007. pp. A1, A4. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  16. ^ a b "Beware of shark meat, FDA warns". CNN. 26 April 1996.
  17. ^ a b "Watch out for shark fin soup". China Daily. Retrieved 21 May 2005.
  18. ^ a b c Kiyo Mondo; Neil Hammerschlag; Margaret Basile; John Pablo; Sandra A. Banack; Deborah C. Mash (2012). "Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in Shark Fins". Marine Drugs. 10 (2): 509–520. doi:10.3390/md10020509. PMC 3297012. PMID 22412816.
  19. ^ a b "Neurotoxins in shark fins: A human health concern". Science Daily. 23 February 2012.
  20. ^ "What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish" (PDF). FDA. Retrieved 1 January 2004.
  21. ^ "What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish". EPA. Retrieved 1 January 2004.
  22. ^ a b "China shark fin sellers serve up fake products complete with toxins". CleanBiz.Asia. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  23. ^ Vannuccini, S. (1999). "Shark utilization, marketing and trade". FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 389. Rome: FAO. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  24. ^ a b c Barboza, David (13 August 2006). "Waiter, There's a Celebrity in My Shark Fin Soup". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  25. ^ Smith, Lauren (10 March 2016). "Shark fin soup: a dangerous delicacy for humans and sharks alike". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  26. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (30 June 2011). "Sharkonomics: What's good for sharks is good for the economy". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  27. ^ "Seafoods 3: Two Ways of Preparing Shark Fin (魚翅二法)". 2014.
  28. ^ a b Laura Marquez (30 October 2006). "Decimating Shark Population for Some Soup". ABC News. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  29. ^ Karliah Brown (27 May 1999). "Fins for sale". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  30. ^ a b "Media silent on shark fin soup affair". The Standard. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  31. ^ a b Bird, Maryann (26 February 2001). "Man Bites Shark". TIME. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  32. ^ Julie Chao (19 May 2004). "Chinese Taste For Endangered Seafood Growing". Cox News Service. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  33. ^ "Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem". CNN. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  34. ^ a b "Yao Ming unlikely to curb China's shark fin appetite". The Taipei Times. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  35. ^ a b Fleshler, David; Lelis, Ludmilla (8 June 2008). "Demand for delicacy puts sharks in peril". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  36. ^ a b Viegas, Jennifer (1 December 2009). "Shark fins traced to endangered populations". NBC News. Discovery News. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  37. ^ a b "WWF Marine Awareness Survey: Seafood consumption" (PDF). WWF. 13 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  38. ^ a b c d Denyer, Simon (19 October 2013). "In China, victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  39. ^ Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295751719.
  40. ^ "Only 5% of wedding guests say they like eating shark fin soup - survey". Hong Kong Free Press. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  41. ^ Ernest Kao (21 December 2016). "Hongkongers don't like shark fin soup but don't want to offend their hosts". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  42. ^ "Sharks in Crisis - Evidence of Positive Behavioral Change in China as New Threats Emerge (page 15)" (PDF). WildAid. 2018.
  43. ^ Buckley, Louis (2007). The End of the Line (PDF). WildAid. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2011.
  44. ^ Lem, Sharon (5 July 2011). "Shark fins banned in Oakville". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012.
  45. ^ Giam, Choo Hoo (1 December 2006). "Shark fin's soup – eat without guilt" (PDF). The Straits Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007.
  46. ^ "Hong Kong's shark fin traders feel pressure". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  47. ^ "Shark Fins off the menu at top hotel". CNN. 22 November 2011.
  48. ^ "Shangri-La Announces Sustainable Seafood Policy and Discontinuing Use of All Shark Fin Products in 72 Hotels and Resorts". Shangrila. 17 January 2012.
  49. ^ "NTUC FairPrice to pull shark's fin off shelves". AsiaOne. 5 January 2012.
  50. ^ Chester Yung and Teddy Ng (25 June 2005). "Disney ditches shark's fin". The Standard. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  51. ^ "ChannelNewsAsia.com, Malaysian ministry bans shark's fin soup". Channel NewsAsia. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  52. ^ "Hawaii: Shark Fin Soup Is Off the Menu". The New York Times. Associated Press. 29 May 2010. p. A16. Retrieved 20 June 2011. Gov. Linda Lingle signed a bill on Friday prohibiting the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins, which are used in expensive Chinese dishes.
  53. ^ "Washington bans sale, trade of shark fins". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  54. ^ Oregon House of Representatives bills of 2011 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Oregon's shark fin bill was HB 2838 by Representative Brad Witt. Passed Senate unanimously, passed House 58 to 1. Signed into law by Governor John Kitzhaber on 16 June 2011.
  55. ^ "Bills Signed by Oregon Governor Kitzhaber". Data.oregon.gov. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  56. ^ a b Harmon, Steven (8 October 2011). "Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill banning shark fins in California". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  57. ^ "Guam Moves to Protect Sharks – Governor Calvo Signs Shark Fin Ban into Law in Guam". Reuters. 9 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ... Guam has now become the third place in the Pacific that has taken a definite stand against shark finning, the trade of fins and shark fin soup.
  58. ^ "Shark Fin Possession Bill Made Law Today in Guam". Guammicronesiadivetravel.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  59. ^ "Illinois Becomes Fifth State to Ban Shark Fin Trade". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  60. ^ Schiffman, Lizzie (2 July 2012). "Illinois Shark Fin Ban: First Inland State Adopts Policy Against Fin Sale, Trade". HuffPost. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  61. ^ "AB 376 Assembly Bill - CHAPTERED". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  62. ^ Sudhin Thanawala (27 July 2015). "Federal appeals court upholds California's shark fin ban". Associated Press.
  63. ^ "Shark fin ban sought by Vancouver council". CBC News. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  64. ^ Peat, Don. "Committee approves shark fin ban". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  65. ^ Robertson, Ian. "Judge overturns shark fin ban in Toronto". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  66. ^ "City council votes 13–2 to ban sale, possession of shark fins". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  67. ^ "City Council indefinitely shelves shark fin ban". Global News. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  68. ^ Wassener, Bettina (3 July 2012). "China Says No More Shark Fin Soup at State Banquets". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  69. ^ Taylor, Jerome; Morris, Sophie (3 September 2008). "Hakkasan drops its famed £40 shark fin soup over ethics - News - Food & Drink". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  70. ^ "Gordon fronts Bite-Back 'Soup-er' stars". SportDiver.co.uk. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  71. ^ "WildAid:Shark Fin is Always the "Worst ..." Taiwan News. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  72. ^ a b Better than the real thing: Hong Kong's imitation shark fin 27 May 2011. CNNGo.
  73. ^ "Better than the real thing: Hong Kong's imitation shark's fin". CNN Travel. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  74. ^ "Sharks Fin Soup". Fodor's. Fodor's Travel. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  75. ^ a b Ho, Christine. "Imitation Shark Fin Soup". Christine's Recipes. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  76. ^ Wei, Clarissa (15 July 2013). "Where To Get Faux Shark Fin in Los Angeles". KCETLink. KCETLink Media Group. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  77. ^ Kho, Kian (2015). Phoenix Claws and Jade Trees: Essential Techniques of Authentic Chinese Cooking. New York: Clarkson Potter. p. 278. ISBN 9780385344692.
  78. ^ Kho, Kian (July 2010). "Banning Shark Fins from Shark Fin Soup". Red Cook. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  79. ^ Najarro, Ileana; Singer, Jeffrey E. (27 August 2015). "Customers Embrace Shark Fin Substitutes". The New York Times.
  80. ^ "Faux Fins Could Save 70 Million Sharks". Seeker.com. Group Nine. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  81. ^ Galbraith, Alex (31 March 2016). "Get Ready For Shark Fin Cup Noodles Soup". Uproxx. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  82. ^ "食家憂碗仔翅留不住". Apple Daily 蘋果日報.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shark fin soup.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegetarian shark fin soup.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark_fin_soup&oldid=1265137691"